(2010) Drip sealing of tunnels in hard rock: A new concept for the design and evaluation of permeation grouting. īutrón C, Gustafson G, Fransson Å, et al. (2005) Karst groundwater: a challenge for new resources. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 21(3-4): 236. (2006) Comparison of the evaluated rock mass properties from the TSP system and the RMR classification (Semnan tunnel, Iran).
Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 23(6): 711–717. (2008) Prediction of geological hazardous zones in front of a tunnel face using TSP-203 and artificial neural networks. According to the distribution of water outlets and water sources, the detection area was divided into three sections and separately treated by curtain grouting.Īlimoradi A, Moradzadeh A, Naderi R, et al. The connections between water outlets and water sources were identified with a 3-D graphic that included all of them. Meanwhile, a geophysical prospecting technique was also used to detect water sources. The PWOD method was applied in this project for the treatment of water inflow, and six potential water outlets in total were identified through three heavy rains. Heavy rain triggered some potential water outlets, causing a serious water inrush. The Daba tunnel located in Hunan province, China, has been constructed in a karst stratum where the rock mass has been weathered intensely by the influence of two faults. This paper provides a successful case of the detection and treatment of water inflow in a karst tunnel and proposes a potential water outlet detection (PWOD) method in which heavy rainfall (>50 mm/d) is considered a trigger for a potential water outlet.
Potential water outlets and water sources that surrounding the tunnel must be detected before water inflow can be treated. A terrible water inrush caused by potential water outlets can seriously hinder the project construction. In a karst tunnel, fissures or cracks that are filled with weathered materials are a type of potential water outlet as they are easily triggered and converted into groundwater outlets under the influence of high groundwater pressure.
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